Fuel fob use in intebnal-combustion engines



Reisaued Apr. 17, 1928.

SAMUEL [ISEBMANQ OF SUMMIT, NEW JERSEY, AND

NT OFFICE,

WALDEMAR VERNET AND ED- KUND QUINCY MOSES, OF NEW YORK, N. Y.,ASSIGNORS, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, TO FRANK J.,HLLL AND L. B. RATTERMANN,F CINCINNATI, OHIO.

FUEL FOR USE IN INTERNAL-COMNUSTION ENGINES.

In Drawing. Original No. 1,054,259, dated December 27, 1927, Applicationfor reissue filed March 10, 1928.

The present invention is concerned with the provision of a fuelingredient having improved carbon-removing and preventing qualities andof'a fueLccntainin'g such in- 1 5 gredient, the same being provided witha j, coloring gasoline, w

coloring material. It also is concerned with ;the provision of animproved coloring mate j-iijal which will be articularly suitable in Iiich will facilitate the I I0 useof the carbon-removing ingredient, as

. thereby greatlyimproving the 'matic hydrocarbons,

well as being of utility when used with a commercial fuelandindependently of said ingredient. v We have discovered that'the additionof certain ingredientsto the motor fuel, especially gasoline, greatlyreduces and-alleviates the evils due to carbon formation, the materialsused being of such nature as to cause the partial or completeelimination of the :arbon deposits, and especially of the heavier,tarlike substances formed in the cylinders which serve more or less as abinder for the carbon which is formed and which add tog theobjectionable quality of the carbon deposit. Further we haveobservedthat the formation of such tarry substances is ina creased somewhat bythe use of gasoline ob tained by cracking processes; If the motorisalready carbonized when the use of the ingredient is started, the carbondeposit is attacked and wholly orpartially removed, condition andincreasing the efficiency of the engine. 1 The ingredients which havebeen vfound most suitable and effective fall in the class of thechemically active oxygen bearing cyclic hydrocarbons, especiallynitrated aroand We have discovered that the use of suitable hydrocarbonderivatives of, this nature, withouttheaddition of other activeingredients, are effective for the desired purpose. The action of .theingredients may be due primarily to the release of oxygen in the nascentcondition from the ingredient itself (due to its decomposition under thetemperature and v-pressure existing in the cylinder) which oxygendirectly attacks and oxidizes theheated carbon, or it may of theingredient or of. one of its reaction or decomposition products inactivating a part ofthe oxygen of the air drawn into the cylinder withthe fuel charge and thereby causing be due primarily to a catalyticaction Serial No. 727,426, filed .Tuly 22,1924.

Serial No. 260,800.

such oxygen to attack the heated carbon; or to a direct catalytic'actionof the ingredient or one of its reaction products,

or it may be due to a reaction of the in-' gredient or one of itsreaction products directly with the carbon causing its oxidation, or toa combination of the above actions.

In arriving at a fuel ingredient suitable for actual commercial use, itis not only important that'it shall be capable of functioning in the.desired manner, but it must be also easily obtainable in commercialquantities, and must be inexpensive. Compounds which are available forthese purposes at the present time include n'itrobenzol, thenitrotoluolsand possibly also nitroxylols, nitronaphtlcne, and other analogousnitro-compounds. Ofcourse, other cyclic compounds might be foundsuitable, such as those found in Russian petroleum, by-products ofcamphor production, by-products of wood, coal and tar distillation, andpossibl products in the lignin in waste liquors o the pulp mill whichare capable of nitration. Nitrobenzol and ortho-nitrotoluol areespecially available, adaptable and suitable, being liquids at normaltemperature, easily nitrated, readily soluble in gasoline and verycheap. e have found that ticularly adaptable and is the best substancenow vknown .to us for removing and eliminating the carbon deposit,because of its extreme reactivity with the aforementioned tarrysubstances which apparently cover the deposit in the form of a filmandhence protect the interior of the deposit.

Of the materials mentioned nitrobcnzol introduced into the gasoline inthe proportion of approximately one-tenth of one percent of the gasolinehas been extensively used by us, and has been found to prove verysatisfactory; lVe prefer, however,to use orthonitrotoluol' in quantitiesequivalent to the trotoluol to the gasoline of abouttwelve-onehundredths of tione'd as hered to,

or diminished depending upon the'particular.

ortho-nitrotoluol is parone percent. Of course the percentages of themtro-compounds menresults desired, the nature of the fuels, the

minimum proportion of the which will function'efiiciently, an caseshould the ingredient be employed in mentioned, howsatisfactory unever,have been found highl itions with the der average running con presentgrades of commercial gasoline. The

principle should be observed'of utilizin the in 're ient in no suchquantity that the mechanism of the engine or the operation thereof willbe injuriously affected by the ingredient or its reaction products.Without attempting to set absolute limits to theproportion of theingredient which may be found mostasuitable under special conditions, itmay be stated in general that with nitrobenzol or ortho-nitrotoluol thepercentage should ordinarily not be less than five-hundredths of, onepercent nor more than five-tenthsof one percent, approximately. "i,

The commercial nitrotoluols, especially ortho-nitrotoluol, possessadvantages which make them much more desirable for general use thannitrobenzol. Technical ortlio-nitro toluol has" a freezing point ofapproximately 7 Cl to 10 C. as against 5 C. for commercial nitrobenzol.This property makes it easier to'ship and use with commercial tially thesame toxicity j as is not at'all dangerous 40 1 With nitrotoluol, thisanyof'the engine parts,

gasoline in cold weather and cold climates. Another exceedinglyimportant advantage of. nitrotoluol is the fact that it has substanasgasoline, so that its use is entirely free from danger which might undersome circumstances be attendant upon the employment of nitrobenzol orother compounds of high toxicity. While the use ofnitrobenzol in t equantities employed to the public, there exists the possibility ofinjury to those workers mixing and packaging the ingredient. danger iseliminated. Ortho-nitrotoluol also has a-higher boiling pointthan'nitrobenzol and has a greater calorific valuethan an equivalentquantity of the latter, both of these properties tending to produce morefavorable conditions for the elimination of the carbon than in the caseof nitrobenzol. Moreover, it is to be especially noted that nitrotoluoldoes not explodespontaneously either in the manufacture, mixing orpackaging as do some of the organic compounds which have been proposedfor this purpose. It is also non-corrosive and hence does not attackthe'oontai'ners, carbureters, fuelpipes, auxiliaries, or

used with safety a'mdassuia'nce that no deterioration of equipment willoccur;

The ortho-nitrotoluol has been found to be especiall active and superiorto nitrobenzol in attac ingcarbon under the conditions of pressure antemperature existing in the cylinder.

We have found that a greater e fliciency of so that it may be combustion'is attained when ortho-nitrb toluol is used with gasoline as a fuel forinternal combustion engines.

by the increase in percentage of carbon di- \oxide in the exhaust gases,and a corresponding decreasein carbon monoxide.

Another very important feature of our inventionconsists in the use, withthe active carbon attacking in redient, of .a suitable coloring matterwhic shall be of such character and strength as to color not only theingredient, but also the gasoline with which the ingredient is mixed soas to give the improved fuel-a distinctive color. The use of a propercoloring matter is important for many reasons. In the first place, itmakes it possible to assure the proper and thorough mixing of theingredient with the fuel. Under commercial conditions it is necessary todistribute the ingredient to a large nun s ber of fuel dealers or users,most of whom are entirely unskilled in the mixing of liquids and thecolor is whether pro-per mixin has been obtained. The color isparticular y'necessary with ingredients such as nitrobenzol andnitrotoluol which are of materially gravity than gasoline. When,however, the ingredient is suitably and sufliciently colored, impropermixing can be at once detected by the lackof uniformity in the color ofthe mixed fuel. The proper steps can thus be takento insure a completemixture. Another important advantage in the use of a distinctive coloris that. it enables attempted frauds to bequickly detected and stopped.

Such frauds may take the form either of spectroscopic tests may .bereadily applied I which definitely determine whether the partlcularcolor is present in the specified quantity. The color is also veryimportant in enabling the consumer to immediately iden--- .tifythematerial and to have the assurance that he isobtaining theingredientor fuel that he seeks. V

A color, to be suitable for the purposes of this invention shouldpossess certain properties, among the most important of whlch are, thatit must be soluble in the ingredient in I which it is carried, and alsoin the gasoline or fuel witlrwhichthe ingredient is mixed. This isdesirable so as to prevent the coloring matter from precipitating orbecoming jellylike. The color should also be suflicient- 1y fast, soasnot to fade wherr exposed to light for a reasonable length of time, as

This is shown I greater specific derivatives when the fuel is sold in ythe Ordinary visible gasoline pumps. The color should also be of suchstable structure as not to react with the carbon attacking ingredientsor with the unsaturated compounds in the gasoline or fuel, so as tocause a change. in or destruction of the color. Preferably also thecoloring matter used should not be a dye stuff of such a nature as tostain the hands or fabrics with which it may come in contact. The colorshould also be of such nature as to be pleasing to the eye, and whendissolved in the fuel should be of suflicient intensity so that a verysmall quantity can be used to treat a large quantity of the fuel andstill produce a color sufliciently distinctive to be easily recognized.It' is important also that the coloring matter should have nodetrimental effect upon the action of the fuel in the engine or upon theaction of the carbon attacking ingredient.

\Ve have discovered that anthraquinone are found to fill all of theabove requirements in a most satisfactory manner and are entirelysuitable for the present purpose. These colors include either singly, orin combination phenylated amino-anthraquinones, oxyphenyl a'mino oramino anthraquinones or compounds of anthraquinone containingeitheramino or hydroxygroups. Of these compounds the ones which we nowprefer to employ'as most suitable for the present purposes are thediaryl amino anthraquinones and particularly 1.4 toluido anthraquinone.This latter substance, when dissolved in nitrotoluol or nitrobenzol orother solvent such as gasoline in suitable strength and then mixed withthe gasoline in the proportions above indicated, of approximatelyone-tenth of one per cent more or less of the nitro compound to thegasoline, produces a beautiful greenish-blue color which is veryattractive to the eyeand very distinctive from any other fuel now known.

"It is possible, by comparison of the color with standard solution, todetermine with considerable accuracy whether a standard amount of theingredient has been miked with the fuel, and it is also possible, bysimple chemical tests to determine whether the proper amount ofingredien't has been The presence" of this particularfcolorused. ingmatter, as distinguished from any imitation thereof, may also beinstantly and definitely of the colored fuel in a'spectroscope Thiscoloring therefore, the fuel colored therewith Wlll'Il Qt' stain eitherthe hands or fabric, for-any fabric which colored 'fuel readily washesfree thereof. The color may he used in. desired proportions dependinguponthe color-effect to be pr0- duced, but a suitable strength forproducing a satisfactory tint-inthe fuel is about one hydrogen atomsattached to the another organic radical.

determined by examining a sample 'compri'sing commercial has beensaturated with the.

Icomprising commercial F amino anthraqumone color, and asolvent for perCent in the nitrobeniol. r jotol uol giving approximately nd h e I.

percent in the fuel. t

The coloring matter mentioned will-also. have no deleterious actionwhen-introduced.

with the fuel into the'engine butso far as it would have any functionaleffect would-be beneficial. Other colors may of 'co'ursebe utilized butthose mentioned particularly well suited to the purpose of the presentinvention.

As will be understood from theenamples f 7 appear to be" of coloringmaterials given above, by theezpressiou a substituted aminoanthraquinone= 1 used in certain. of the claims is meant an aminoanthraqumone 1n which one/or both atoms is replaced by As above stated,the active ngredient, such as nitrobenzol or nitrotoluol, with the addition only of thecoloring matter is preferably introduced by itself intothe gasoline. In no case should anything be mixed with It which mighttend to interfere with its"be'neficial'action or in any wayunfavorably-af feet the operation of the purpose of giving theingredienta little greater bulk so as to facilitate measuring andhandling the same when introduced into the asoline by the consumer, itmay .bedesired to add to the active ingredient a small the engine.-Merely fornitrogen amount of neutral carrier, preferably" 'a' per.'troleum distillate analogous to the fuel itself, such as gasoline orkerosene. As such 1'00- diluent will immediately blend with the fuelwhen-added thereto and become virtually a part thereof-rather than oftheingredient, it may be employed when desired withoutin-j jurious effectsand without departing from. 1.

the scope of our invention. Furthermore in some cases a mixture-ofnitrated aromatic hydrocarbons or other suitable carbon tackingingredients may be used.

What we claim is:- l 5 s 1. A fuel ingredient forremovi ng' carbon fromthe cylinders of internal combustion engines, said ingredientscontaining 1.4 diilo Itoluido anthraquinone as a. coloring matter.'-

2.. A fuel for internal combustion enginescomprising commercial tcraeked? gasoline,

orthonitrotoluol and an ant-hraqui-none co lor.

' 3. A fuel for internal combustion engines l .of commercialgasoline,

consisting wholly twelve-hundredths of onc;' pe1' cent,"more.or

less, of ortho-nit-rotoluol and one-thousandth v of one pe1'cent ..1noreor less, of 1.4 ditoluido 7 matter is also not a .dyestufiimdanthraquinone.

.' 4. 'A fuel for internal;coihbustion engines quantityiwof 1.4ditoluidofanthraquinone gasoline, a smallcolor, and a solvent'for saidcolor which is soluble .in said commercial 5. -A fuelifor internalgasoline.

combustion engines asoline a diar l g y :13

said color which -is soluble in commercial gasoline. I I

6; A fuel for internal combustion engines comprising commercial gasolineand a small quantity of a diaryl amino 'a'nthraquinone color. V "T 7. Afuel for internal-combustion engines comprising commercial gasoline anda small quantity of 1,4 ditoluido anthraquinone c'olor.

8. A motor fuel comprising a petroleum distillate and as a coloringmaterial a small quantity of an'amino or" substituted aminoanthraquinone. 4 v f 9. A motor fuel fcomprising a petroleum distillateand as a coloring material a small guantity 01Ev a diamino orsubstituted iamino anthraquinone. I

10. The combination of a petroleum distillate, and, as a coloringmaterial, a small quantity of anaminov or substituted aminoanthraquinone.

11. The combination of a petroleum distillate, and, as-a coloringmaterial, a small substituted quantity of a diamino or diaminoanthraquinone.

- In testimony whereof, we have aflixed our signatures tothisspecification.

SAMUEL ISERMAN. WALDEMAR VERNET. v- EDMUND QUINCY MOSES.

